Alphavirus vectors for paramyxovirus vaccines

ABSTRACT

A DNA vector comprises a first DNA sequence which is complementary to at least part of an alphavirus RNA genome and having the complement of complete alphavirus DNA genome replication regions, and a second DNA sequence encoding a paramyxovirus protein, particularly a respiratory syncytial virus fusion (RSV F) protein or a RSV F protein fragment that generates antibodies that specifically react with RSV F protein, the first and second DNA sequences being under the transcriptional control of a promoter, preferably a cytomegalovirus promoter, which may include Intron A. Such vectors also contain a further nucleotide sequence located between the promoter sequence and the alphavirus sequence to enhance the immunoprotective ability of the RSV F protein when expressed in vivo. Such DNA vectors may be used to immunize a host against disease caused by infection with RSV or other paramyxovirus, including a human host, by administration thereto, and may be formulated as immunogenic compositions with pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers for such purposes. Such vectors also may be used to produce antibodies for detection of RSV or other paramyxovirus infection in a sample.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a United States National Phase filing under 35 USC 371 of PCT/CA98/01064 filed Nov. 13, 1998, which itself claims priority under 35 USC 119 from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/065,791 filed Nov. 14, 1997.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of paramyxoviridae vaccines and is particularly concerned with vaccines comprising DNA encoding the fusion (F) protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in an alphavirus vector.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been identified as a major pathogen responsible for severe respiratory tract infections in infants, young children and the institutionalized elderly (refs. 1, 2, 3, 4—throughout this application, various references are cited in parentheses to describe more fully the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic information for each citation is found at the end of the specification, immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these references are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure). Global mortality and morbidity figures indicate that there is an urgent need for an efficacious RSV vaccine (refs. 5, 6). In the USA alone, approximately 100,000 children are hospitalized annually with severe cases of pneumonia and bronchiolitis resulting from an RSV infection. Inpatient and ambulatory care for children with RSV infections has been estimated to cost in excess of $340 million each year in the USA. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) vaccine advisory committees have ranked RSV second only to HIV for vaccine development. Both the annual morbidity and mortality figures as well as the staggering health care costs for managing RSV infections have provided the incentive for aggressively pursuing the development of efficacious RSV vaccines. However, such a vaccine is still not available.

Formalin-inactivated (FI-RSV) and live attenuated RSV vaccines have failed to demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials (refs. 7, 8, 9, 10). Moreover, the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine caused enhanced disease in some children following exposure to wild-type RSV (refs. 7, 8, 9, 10). Elucidation of the mechanism(s) involved in the potentiation of RSV disease is important for the design of safe RSV vaccines, especially for the seronegative population. Recent experimental evidence suggests that an imbalance in cell-mediated responses may contribute to immunopotentiation. Enhanced histopathology observed in mice that were immunized with the FI-RSV and challenged with virus could be abrogated by depletion of CD4+ cells or both interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10.

The RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein is one of the major immunogenic proteins of the virus. This envelope glycoprotein mediates both fusion of the virus to the host cell membrane and cell-to-cell spread of the virus (ref. 1). The F protein is synthesized as a precursor (F₀) molecule which is proteolytically cleaved to form a disulphide-linked dimer composed of the N-terminal F₂ and C-terminal F₁ moieties (ref. 11). The amino acid sequence of the F protein is highly conserved among RSV subgroups A and B and is a cross-protective antigen (refs. 6, 12). In the baculovirus expression system, a truncated secreted version of the RSV F protein has been expressed in Trichoplusia ni insect cells (ref. 13). The recombinant protein was demonstrated to be protective in the cotton rats (ref. 13).

Studies on the development of live viral vaccines and glycoprotein subunit vaccines against parainfluenza virus infection are being pursued. Clinical trial results with a formalin-inactivated PIV types 1, 2, 3 vaccine demonstrated that this vaccine was not efficacious (refs. 14, 15, 16). Further development of chemically-inactivated vaccines was discontinued after clinical trials with a formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine demonstrated that not only was the vaccine not effective in preventing RSV infection but many of the vaccinees who later become infected with RSV suffered a more serious disease. Most of parainfluenza vaccine research has focused on candidate PIV-3 vaccines (ref. 17) with significantly less work being reported for PIV-1 and PIV-2. Recent approaches to PIV-3 vaccines have included the use of the closely related bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 and the generation of attenuated viruses by cold-adaptation of the virus (refs. 18, 19, 20, 21).

Another approach to parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine development is a subunit approach focusing on the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and the fusion (F) protein (refs. 22, 23, 24). The HN antigen, a typical type II glycoprotein, exhibits both haemagglutination and neuraminidase activities and is responsible for the attachment of the virus to sialic acid containing host cell receptors. The type I F glycoprotein mediates fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane as well as cell to cell spread of the virus. It has recently been demonstrated that both the HN and F glycoproteins are required for membrane fusion. The F glycoprotein is synthesized as an inactive precursor (F) which is proteolytically cleaved into disulfide-linked F2 and F1 moieties. While the HN and F proteins of PIV-1, -2 and -3 are structurally similar, they are antigenically distinct. Neutralizing antibodies against the HN and F proteins of one of PIV type are not cross-protective. Thus, an effective PIV subunit vaccine must contain the HN and F glycoproteins from the three different types of parainfluenza viruses. Antibody to either glycoprotein is neutralizing in vitro. A direct correlation has been observed between the level of neutralizing antibody titers and resistance to PIV-3 infections in infants. Native subunit vaccines for parainfluenza virus type 3 have investigated the protectiveness of the two surface glycoproteins. Typically, the glycoproteins are extracted from virus using non-ionic detergents and further purified using lectin affinity or immunoaffinity chromatographic methods. However, neither of these techniques may be entirely suitable for large scale production of vaccines under all circumstances. In small animal protection models (hamsters and cotton rats), immunization with the glycoproteins was demonstrated to prevent infection with live PIV-3 (refs. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29).

The HN and F glycoproteins of PIV-3 have also been produced using recombinant DNA technology. HN and F glycoproteins have been produced in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system and by use of vaccinia virus and adenovirus recombinants (refs. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34). In the baculovirus expression system, both full-length and truncated forms of the PIV-3 glycoproteins as well as a chimeric F-HN fusion protein have been expressed. The recombinant proteins have been demonstrated to be protective in small animal models (see WO91/00104, U.S. application Ser. No. 07/773,949 filed Nov. 29, 1991, assigned to the assignee hereof).

Semliki Forest virus (SFV) is a member of the Alphavirus genus in the Togaviridae family. The mature virus particle contains a single copy of a ssRNA genome with a positive polarity that is 5′-capped and 3′-polyadenylated. It functions as an mRNA and naked RNA can start an infection when introduced into cells. Upon infection/transfection, the 5′ two-thirds of the genome is translated into a polyprotein that is processed into the four nonstructural proteins (nsP1 to 4) by self cleavage. Once the ns proteins have been synthesized they are responsible for replicating the plus-strand (42S) genome into full-length minus strands (ref. 14). These minus-strands then serve as templates for the synthesis of new plus-strand (42S) genomes and the 26S subgenomic mRNA (ref. 14). This subgenomic mRNA, which is colinear with the last one-third of the genome, encodes the SFV structural proteins.

In 1991 Liljestrom and Garoff (ref. 15) designed a series of expression vectors based on the SFV cDNA replicon. These vectors had the virus structural protein genes deleted to make the way for heterologous inserts, but preserved the nonstructural coding region for production of the nsPl to 4 replicase complex. Short 5′ and 3′ sequence elements required for RNA replication were also preserved. A polylinker site was inserted downstream from the 26S promoter followed by translation stop sites in all three frames. An SpeI site was inserted just after the 3′ end of the SFV cDNA for linearization of the plasmid for use in vitro transcription reactions.

Injection of SFV RNA encoding a heterologous protein have been shown to result in the expression of the foreign protein and the induction of antibody in a number of studies (refs. 16, 17). The use of SFV RNA inoculation to express foreign proteins for the purpose of immunization would have several of the advantages associated with plasmid DNA immunization. For example, SFV RNA encoding a viral antigen may be introduced in the presence of antibody to that virus without a loss in potency due to neutralization by antibodies to the virus. Also, because the protein is expressed in vivo the protein should have the same conformation as the protein expressed by the virus itself. Therefore, concerns about conformational changes which could occur during protein purification leading to a loss in immunogenicity, protective epitopes and possibly immunopotentiation, could be avoided by plasmid DNA immunization.

In copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/476,397 filed Jun. 7, 1995 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,019,980), assigned to the assignee hereof and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference (WO96/40945), there is described reference the use of plasmid vectors containing RSV F protein-encoding DNA for DNA immunization against RSV infection. In copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/896,442 filed Jul. 18, 1997, assigned to the assignee hereof and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, there is described the use of plasmid vectors containing RSV G protein-encoding DNA for DNA immunization against RSV infection.

In my copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/923,558, filed Sep. 4, 1997 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,308), assigned to the assignee hereof and the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference, I describe a DNA vector using an alphavirus vector, including Semliki Forest virus vector, containing a DNA sequence encoding a paramyxovirus protein, specifically RSV-F, for making an RNA transcript for immunization.

In WO95/27044, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, there is described the use of alphavirus CDNA vectors based on cDNA complementary to the alphavirus RNA sequence. Once transcribed from the CDNA under transcriptional control of a heterologous promoter, the alphavirus RNA is able to self-replicate by means of its own replicase and thereby amplify the copy number of the transcribed recombinant RNA molecules.

Infection with RSV leads to serious disease. It would be useful and desirable to provide improved vectors for in vivo administration of immunogenic preparations, including vaccines, for protection against disease caused by RSV and other paramyxoviruses. In particular, it would be desirable to provide vaccines that are immunogenic and protective in humans, including seronegative infants, that do not cause disease enhancement (immunopotentiation).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel immunogenic materials and immunization procedures based on such novel materials for immunizing against disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus. In particular, the present invention is directed towards the provision of DNA vaccines against disease caused by infection with paramyxoviridae.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a vector, comprising a first DNA sequence which is complementary to at least part of an alphavirus RNA genome and having the complement of complete alphavirus RNA genome replication regions to permit in vivo replication; a second DNA sequence encoding a paramyxovirus protein or a protein fragment that generates antibodies that specifically react with the paramyxovirus protein, the second DNA sequence being inserted into a region of the first DNA sequence which is non-essential for replication; the first and second DNA sequences being under transcriptional control of a promoter; and a third DNA sequence located adjacent the second DNA sequence to enhance the immunoprotective ability of the paramyxovirus protein when expressed in vivo from the vector in a host.

The paramyxovirus protein may be selected from the group consisting of a parainfluenza virus (PIV) and a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The PIV protein may be from PIV-1, PIV-2, PIV-3 or PIV-4, particularly the HN and F glycoproteins of PIV-3. The RSV protein particularly may be the F or G glycoprotein of RSV.

The second DNA sequence may encode a full length RSV F protein, or may encode a RSV F protein lacking the transmembrane anchor and cytoplasmic tail. The lack of the coding region for the transmembrane anchor and cytoplasmic tail results in a secreted form of the RSV F protein. Alternatively, as described in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/896,500, the second DNA sequence may encode the full-length RSV-G protein or a truncated RSV G protein lacking a transmembrane region, resulting in a secreted form of the protein.

The alphavirus preferably is a Semliki Forest virus and the first DNA sequence is the Semliki Forest viral sequence contained in plasmid PSFVI.

The third nucleotide sequence may comprise a pair of splice sites to prevent aberrant mRNA splicing, in vivo, whereby substantially all transcribed mRNA from the vector upon administration encodes the RSV protein. Such third nucleotide sequence is preferably located between the first nucleotide sequence and the promoter sequence. Such third nucleotide sequence may be that of rabbit β-globin intron II, as shown in FIG. 8 of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/476,397 (WO 96/040945).

The promoter sequence may be an immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The human cytomegalovirus Intron A sequence may be provided downstream of the promoter and upstream of the third nucleotide sequence.

A vector encoding the F protein and provided in accordance with one embodiment of the invention may be specifically pMP44, having the identifying characteristics shown in FIG. 1D.

The vectors provided herein may be used to immunize a host against RSV infection or disease by in vivo expression of RSV F protein or RSV G protein, which may lack a transmembrane region, or other paramyxovirus protein, following administration of the vectors. In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, therefore, there is provided a method of immunizing a host against disease caused by infection with respiratory syncytial virus or other paramyxovirus, which comprises administering to the host an effective amount of a vector provided herein.

The present invention also includes a novel method of using a gene encoding an RSV F or G protein or a fragment of an RSV or G protein capable of generating antibodies which specifically react with RSV F or G protein to protect a host against disease caused by infection with respiratory syncytial virus, which comprises isolating the gene; operatively linking said gene to a DNA sequence which is complementary to at least part of an alphavirus RNA genome and having the complement of complete alphavirus RNA genome replication regions in a region of said DNA sequence which is non-essential for replication to form a vector wherein said gene and DNA sequence are under transcriptional control of a promoter; operatively linking the gene to an immunoprotection enhancing sequence to produce an enhanced immunoprotection by the RSV F or G protein in the host, preferably by introducing the immunoprotection enhancing sequence between the control sequence and the alphavirus sequence; and introducing the vector into the host. A corresponding procedure may be used for other paramyxoviridae.

In addition, the present invention includes a method of producing a vaccine for protection of a host against disease caused by infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which comprises isolating a first DNA sequence encoding an RSV or G protein, from which the transmembrane anchor and cytoplasmic tail may be absent; operatively linking said first DNA sequence to a second DNA sequence which is complementary to at least part of an alphavirus RNA genome and having the complete alphavirus genome replication regions in a region of said second DNA sequence which is non-essential for replication to form a vector wherein said first and second DNA sequences are under transcriptional control of a promoter; operatively linking the first nucleotide sequence to a third nucleotide sequence to enhance the immunoprotective ability of the RSV F or G protein when expressed in vivo from the vector in a host; and formulating the vector as a vaccine for in vivo administration. A corresponding procedure may be used for other paramyxoviridae.

The present invention further includes a vaccine for administration to a host, including a human host, produced by the method as well as immunogenic compositions comprising an immunoeffective amount of the vectors described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A to 1B show a schematic of a procedure of assembly of vector pMP44;

FIGS. 2A to 2B show a schematic of a procedure of assembly of vector pMP44;

FIGS. 3A to 3J contain the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pMP44 (SEQ ID NO:1);

FIG. 4 shows the anti-RSV F titers in sera from mice taken 4 weeks after priming and 2 weeks after boosting;

FIG. 5 shows the nucleotide sequence for a synthetic oligonucleotide coding for the hepatitis delta ribozyme (SEQ ID no; 2,3); and

FIGS. 6A to 6F show the nucleotide sequence for the SFV EcoRV-SpeI fragment ligated to the ribozyme of FIG. 5 (SEQ ID no: 4).

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

As described above, the present invention, in general, relates to protection of hosts against disease caused by infection by paramyxovirus by DNA immunization using DNA vectors. In particular, the invention is concerned with protection of hosts against disease caused by infection by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), although not specifically limited thereto. The description which follows refers specifically to employing DNA sequences encoding RSV F or G protein and fragments thereof which generate antibodies which specifically react with RSV F or G protein.

In this application, the terms “RSV F protein” and “RSV G protein” are used to define a full-length RSV F or G protein, including proteins having variations in their amino acid sequences including those naturally occurring in various strain of RSV and those introduced by PCR amplification of the encoding gene while retaining the immunogenic properties, a secreted form of the RSV F or G protein lacking a transmembrane anchor and cytoplasmic tail, as well as fragments capable of generating antibodies which specifically react with RSV F or G protein and functional analogs. In this application, a first protein is a “functional analog” of a second protein if the first protein is immunologically related to and/or has the same function as the second protein. The functional analog may be, for example, a fragment of the protein or a substitution, addition or deletion mutant thereof.

A vector is constructed to contain a first DNA sequence which is complementary to at least part of an alphavirus RNA genome, specifically Semliki Forest virus, and having the complement of complete alphavirus RNA genome replication regions to permit replication in vivo. A second DNA sequence encoding the RSV F or G protein is inserted into a region of the first DNA sequence which is non-essential for replication. The first and second DNA sequences are under transcriptional control of a promoter to permit expression of the RSV protein in a host immunized with the vector.

The promoter sequence may be the immediately early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. This promoter is described in ref. 36. Any other convenient promoter may be used, including constitutive promoters, such as, Rous Sarcoma Virus LTRs, and inducible promoters, such as metallothionine promoter, and tissue specific promoters.

The recombinant vector may include a third nucleotide sequence located adjacent the alphavirus sequence to enhance the immunoprotective ability of the RSV F or G protein when expressed in vivo in a host. Such enhancement may be provided by increased in vivo expression, for example, by increased mRNA stability, enhanced transcription and/or translation. This additional sequence preferably is located between the promoter sequence and the alphavirus sequence.

This enhancement sequence may comprise a pair of splice sites to prevent aberrant mRNA splicing during transcription so that substantially all transcribed mRNA is intact alphavirus RNA encoding a gene of interest, for example, an RSV F protein. Specifically, rabbit β-globin Intron II sequence may provide such splice sites, as also described in ref. 37.

Additional enhancement may be obtained by, including an additional DNA sequence between the promoter and the enhancer sequence. Such additional DNA sequence may comprise the immediate early cytomegalovirus Intron A sequence.

The vectors provided herein, when administered to an animal, effect in vivo RSV F protein expression, as demonstrated by an antibody response in the animal to which it is administered and the conferring of protection. As may be seen from the results detailed in the Examples below, the DNA vectors produced a high anti-F IgG antibody titer and confer protection.

In comparison to the vectors described in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/476,397 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,019,980) and Ser. No. 08/896,442, the vectors described herein provide a protective immune response using a lower dose and less time. In comparison to the vectors described in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/923,558 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,308), Ser Nos. 08/896,442 and 08/476,397 using native RSV F, the vectors described herein produce protective immune response in the absence of pretreatment of the animal model with cardiotoxin, a material known to increase the uptake of DNA and enhance the immune response.

The vector provided herein may also comprise a fourth nucleotide sequence encoding a further antigen from RSV, an antigen from at least one other pathogen or at least one immunomodulating agent, such as cytokine. Such vector may contain said fourth nucleotide sequence in a chimeric or a bicistronic structure. Alternatively, vectors containing the fourth nucleotide sequence may be separately constructed and coadministered to a host, with the DNA vector provided herein.

In addition, there may be provided at the 3′-end of the Simliki Forest virus segment, a hepatitis delta virus ribosyme sequence to ensure proper in vivo cleavage at the 3′-end of the Simliki Forest virus sequence. Any other convenient sequence may be employed to achieve this effect.

It is clearly apparent to one skilled in the art, that the various embodiments of the present invention have many applications in the fields of vaccination, diagnosis and treatment of RSV infections. A further non-limiting discussion of such uses is further presented below,

1. Vaccine Preparation and Use

Immunogenic compositions, suitable to be used as vaccines, may be prepared from the RSV F or RSV G genes and other paramyxovirus genes and vectors as disclosed herein. The vaccine elicits an immune response in a subject which includes the production of anti-F or anti-G antibodies. Immunogenic compositions, including vaccines, containing the DNA vector may be prepared as injectables, in physiologically-acceptable liquid solutions or emulsions for polynucleotide administration. The nucleic acid may be associated with liposomes, such as lecithin liposomes or other liposomes known in the art, as a nucleic acid liposome (for example, as described in WO 93/24640, ref. 38) or the DNA vector may be associated with an adjuvant, as described in more detail below. Liposomes comprising cationic lipids interact spontaneously and rapidly with polyanions such as DNA and RNA, resulting in liposome/nucleic acid complexes that capture up to 100% of the polynucleotide. In addition, the polycationic complexes fuse with cell membranes, resulting in an intracellular delivery of polynucleotide that bypasses the degradative enzymes of the lysosomal compartment. Published PCT application WO 94/27435 describes compositions for genetic immunization comprising cationic lipids and polynucleotides. Agents which assist in the cellular uptake of nucleic acid, such as calcium ions, viral proteins and other transfection facilitating agents, may advantageously be used.

Polynucleotide immunogenic preparations may also be formulated as microcapsules, including biodegradable time-release particles. Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,264 describes a particulate carrier of a phospholipid/glycolipid/polysaccharide nature that has been termed Bio Vecteurs Supra Moleculaires (BVSM). The particulate carriers are intended to transport a variety of molecules having biological activity in one of the layers thereof.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,109 describes encapsulation of the antigens trinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin and staphylococcal enterotoxin B in 50:50 poly (DL-lactideco-glycolide). Other polymers for encapsulation are suggested, such as poly(glycolide), poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide), copolyoxalates, polycaprolactone, poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), poly(esteramides), polyorthoesters and poly(8-hydroxybutyric acid), and polyanhydrides.

Published PCT application WO 91/06282 describes a delivery vehicle comprising a plurality of bioadhesive microspheres and antigens. The microspheres being of starch, gelatin, dextran, collagen or albumin. This delivery vehicle is particularly intended for the uptake of vaccine across the nasal mucosa. The delivery vehicle may additionally contain an absorption enhancer.

The RSV F or G genes and vectors may be mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are compatible therewith. Such excipients may include, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof. The immunogenic compositions and vaccines may further contain auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, or adjuvants to enhance the effectiveness thereof. Immunogenic compositions and vaccines may be administered parenterally, by injection subcutaneously, intravenously, intradermally or intramuscularly, possibly following pretreatment of the injection site with a local anaesthetic. Alternatively, the immunogenic compositions formed according to the present invention, may be formulated and delivered in a manner to evoke an immune response at mucosal surfaces. Thus, the immunogenic composition may be administered to mucosal surfaces by, for example, the nasal or oral (intragastric) routes. Alternatively, other modes of administration including suppositories and oral formulations may be desirable. For suppositories, binders and carriers may include, for example, polyalkalene glycols or triglycerides. Oral formulations may include normally employed incipients, such as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of saccharine, cellulose and magnesium carbonate.

The immunogenic preparations and vaccines are administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation, and in such amount as will be therapeutically effective, protective and immunogenic. The quantity to be administered depends on the subject to be treated, including, for example, the capacity of the individualls immune system to synthesize the RSV F protein and antibodies thereto, and if needed, to produce a cell-mediated immune response. Precise amounts of active ingredient required to be administered depend on the judgment of the practitioner. However, suitable dosage ranges are readily determinable by one skilled in the art and may be of the order of about 1 μg to about 1 mg of the RSV F or G genes and vectors. Suitable regimes for initial administration and booster doses are also variable, but may include an initial administration followed by subsequent administrations. The dosage may also depend on the route of administration and will vary according to the size of the host. A vaccine which protects against only one pathogen is a monovalent vaccine. Vaccines which contain antigenic material of several pathogens are combined vaccines and also belong to the present invention. Such combined vaccines contain, for example, material from various pathogens or from various strains of the same pathogen, or from combinations of various pathogens.

In particular embodiments of the present invention, the vector comprising a first nucleotide sequence encoding an F or G protein of RSV may be delivered in conjunction with a targeting molecule to target the vector to selected cells including cells of the immune system.

The DNA vectors may be delivered to the host by a variety of procedures, for example, Tang et al. (ref. 39) disclosed that introduction of gold microprojectiles coated with DNA encoding bovine growth hormone (BGH) into the skin of mice resulted in production of anti-BGH antibodies in the mice, while Furth et al. (ref. 40) showed that a jet injector could be used to transfect skin, muscle, fat and mammary tissues of living animals.

2. Immunoassays

The RSV F or G genes and vectors of the present invention are useful as immunogens for the generation of anti-F or anti-G antibodies for use in immunoassays, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), RIAs and other non-enzyme linked antibody binding assays or procedures known in the art. In ELISA assays, the vector first is administered to a host to generate antibodies specific to the RSV F or G protein or other paramyxovirus protein. These RSV F- or G-specific antibodies are immobilized onto a selected surface, for example, a surface capable of binding the antibodies, such as the wells of a polystyrene microtiter plate. After washing to remove incompletely adsorbed antibodies, a nonspecific protein such as a solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) that is known to be antigenically neutral with regard to the test sample may be bound to the selected surface. This allows for locking of nonspecific adsorption sites on the immobilizing surface and thus reduces the background caused by nonspecific bindings of antisera onto the surface.

The immobilizing surface is then contacted with a sample, such as clinical or biological materials, to be tested in a manner conducive to immune complex (antigen/antibody) formation. This procedure may include diluting the sample with diluents, such as solutions of BSA, bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and/or phosphate buffered saline (PBS)/Tween. The sample is then allowed to incubate for from about 2 to 4 hours, at temperatures such as of the order of about 20° to 37° C. Following incubation, the sample-contacted surface is washed to remove non-immunocomplexed material. The washing procedure may include washing with a solution, such as PBS/Tween or a borate buffer. Following formation of specific immunocomplexes between the test sample and the bound RSV F specific antibodies, and subsequent washing, the occurrence, and even amount, of immunocomplex formation may be determined.

Bioloical Deposits

Certain vectors that contain the gene encoding RSV F protein and referred to herein have been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) located at 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, U.S.A., pursuant to the Budapest Treaty and prior to the filing of this application.

Samples of the deposited plasmids will become available to the public upon grant of a patent based upon this United States patent application and all restrictions on access to the deposits will be removed at that time. Non-viable deposits will be replaced. The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by plasmids deposited, since the deposited embodiment is intended only as an illustration of the invention. Any equivalent or similar plasmids that encode similar or equivalent antigens as described in this application are within the scope of this invention.

Deposit Summary Plasmid ATCC Designation Date Deposited pMP37 97905 Feb. 27, 1997 pMP42

EXAMPLES

The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific Examples. These Examples are described solely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Changes in form and substitution of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient. Although specific terms have been employed herein, such terms are intended in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitations.

Methods of molecular genetics, protein biochemistry and immunology used but not explicitly described in this disclosure and these Examples are amply reported in the scientific literature and are well within the ability of those skilled in the art.

Example 1

This Example describes a scheme for construction of a Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) DNA expression vector containing a truncated RSV F gene as outlined in FIGS. 1A to 1B.

Plasmid VR1012 was restricted with PstI and then made blunt-ended with T4 DNA polymerase. The β-globin Intron II was exised out of vector pSG5 (Stratagene) and ligated into plasmid VR1012 to generate plasmid pIIE. Plasmid pIIE was then restricted with SaII and EcoRV and ligated to a PCR fragment having the nucleotide sequence: TCGACATGGCGGATGTGTGACATACACGACGCCAAAAGATTTTGTTCCAGCTCCTGCCACCTCCGCTACGCGAGAGATTAACCACCCACGATGGCCGCCAAAGTGCATGTTGATATTGAGGCTGACAGCCCATTCATCAAGTCTTTGCAGMGGCATTTCCGTCGTTCGAGGTGGAGTCATTGCAGGTCACAGCAAATGACCATGCAAATGCCAGAGCATTTTCGCACCTGGCTACCAAATTGATCGAGCAGGAGACTGACAAAGACACACTCATCTTGGAT (SEQ ID no: 7) generated from pSFVI with primers SAL-SFV having the nucleotide sequence 5′-TCCACCTCCAAGATATCCAAGATGAGTGTG (SEQ ID no: 5) and ECO-SFV having the nucleotide sequence 5′-TCCACCTCCAAGATATCCAAGATGAGTGTG (SEQ ID no: 6). The resulting plasmid pMP38 was then restricted with EcoRV and BamHI and then dephosphorylated. Plasmid pSFV1 link (see copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/190,245 filed Nov. 13, 1998) was then restricted with Spel and ligated to the hepatitis delta ribozyme (FIG. 5, SEQ ID nos: 2 and 3). The ligation reaction was then restricted with EcoRV to release most of the SFV-RSVF plus ribozyme fragment. This fragment was then ligated to EcoRV/BamH1 restricted pMP38 to produce pMP41.

Example 2

This Example describes an alternative scheme for constructing plasmid pMp44 as outlined in FIG. 2.

Plasmid VR1012 was restricted with PstI and then made blunt-ended with T4 DNA polymerase. The β-globin Intron II was exised out of vector pSG5 (Stratagene) and ligated into plasmid VR1012 to generate plasmid pIIE. Plasmid pIIE was then restricted with SaII and EcoRV and ligated to a PCR fragment having the nucleotide sequence:TCGACATGGCGGATGTGTGACATACACGACGCCAAAAGATTTTGTTCCAGCTCCTGCCACCTCCGCTACGCGAGAGATTAACCACCCACGATGGCCGCCAAAGTGCATGTTGATATTGAGGCTGACAGCCCATTCATCAAGTCTTTGCAGAAGGCATTTCCGTCGTTCGAGGTGGAGTCATTGCAGGTCACACCAAATGACCATGCAAATGCCAGAGCATTTTCGCACCTGGCTACCAAATTGATCGAGCAGGAGACTGACAAAGACACACTCATCTTGGAT (SEQ ID no: 7) generated from pSFVI with primers SAL-SFV having the nucleotide sequence 5′-TCCACCTCCAAGATATCCAAGATGAGTGTG (SEQ ID no: 5) and ECO-SFV having the nucleotide sequence 5′-TCCACCTCCAAGATATCCAAGATGAGTGTG (SEQ ID no: 6). The resulting plasmid pMP38 was then restricted with EcoRV and BamHI and then dephosphorylated. Plasmid pSFV1 link (see copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/190,245 filed Nov. 13, 1998) was then restricted with SpeI and ligated to the hepatitis delta ribozyme (FIG. 5, SEQ ID nos: 2 and 3).

The ligation reaction product was then restricted with EcoRV to release the SFV replicon plus the ribozyme having the nucleotide sequence as outlines in FIGS. 6A to 6C. This fragment was then ligated to the EcoRV/BamHI restricted pMP38 to produce pMP42. The RSV F gene fragment was released from pMP37 by restriction with BamHI, and this fragment was ligated into the BamHI site of pMP42 to produce pMP44. The nucleotide sequence of pMP44 is shown in FIGS. 3A to 3E.

Example 3

This Example describes the immunization of mice with pMP44 and the immunogenicity results obtained.

BALB/C mice were immunized with plasmid pMP44 by the intramuscular (i.m.) route. The anterior tibialts muscles of six BALB/C mice were bilaterally injected with 2×100 μg of plasmid pMP44. This amount is equivalent to approximately 94 μg of a conventional vector, based on copy number. These mice were boosted in an identical manner 4 weeks later. The control group was immunized with 2×25 μg of SFV-RSV F RNA as described in my aforementioned U.S. application Ser. No. 08/923,558 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,308), except that the muscles were not pre-treated with cardiotoxin. SFV-RSV F DNA was prepared by linearizing pMP37 (ATCC 97905) by culturing with SpeI. The immunization protocol is set forth in the following Table I:

TABLE 1 Immunization protocol Route of Route of Group Prime Inoculation Boost Inoculation 1 SFV-RSVF Intramuscular SFV-RSVF Intramuscular RNA¹ RNA¹ 2 pMP44 Intramuscular pMP44DNA² Intramuscular DNA²

Mice were Inoculated With

1. 25 μg of RNA was injected into each hind leg muscle in 50 μL of PBS

2. 100 μg of DNA was injected into each hind leg muscle in 50 μL of PBS

Sera was obtained from the mice at 4 and 6 weeks. Anti-RSV F antibody titers (IgG) in these sera were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as described in Example 3.

The anti-RSV F IgG antibody response in the sera of the BALB/C mice are summarized in FIG. 4. The mice immunized with the DNA construct, pMP44, had higher anti-F titers than the mice immunized with the SFV-RSV F RNA.

Two weeks after the second immunization, mice were challenged intranasally with 10⁶ plaque forming units (pfu) of the A1 strain of RSV (BG-4A). Animals were sacrificed 4 days later. Lungs were asceptically removed, weighed, and homogenized in 2 mL of complete culture medium. The virus titer in lung homogenates was determined in duplicate using vero cells, as previously described (ref. 41).

As seen in Table 2 below, immunization of mice with pMP44 DNA protected mice (5/6) against live RSV challenge, in contrast to the lack of protection when immunization with SFV-RSV F RNA was effected. This result contrasts with the complete protection which is obtained using SFV-RSV F RNA as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/923,558, where the results show protection after pretreatment with cardiotoxin. In U.S. patent application Ser. No: 08/476,397 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,019,980), complete protection was obtained with plasmid pXL2 (ATCC 97168) after pretreatment with cardiotoxin. In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/476,442, complete protection was obtained with plasmids pXL5 and pXL6 after pretreatment with cardiotoxin. In each case, pretreatment with cardiotoxin was effected by injecting 2×50 μL of cardiotoxin in 10 μM of PBS in the anterior tibialts muscles 5 days prior to injection of the nucleic acid constructs.

TABLE 2 Immunogen Mean Virus Lung Titre Group Prime Boost (log10/g ± s.d) % Protection 1 SFV-RSVF SFV-RSVF RNA 4.26 0 RNA 2 pMP44 DNA pMP44DNA 2.12* 83 *Limit of detection = 1.8

Example 4

This Example describes the determination of anti-RSV F antibody titers.

Nunc-MaxiSorp plate wells were coated overnight at room temperature with 2.5 ng of immunoaffinity-purified RSV F protein diluted in 0.05M carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.6. Wells were blocked for non-specific binding by adding 0.1% BSA in PBS for 30 min. at room temperature, followed by two washes in a washing buffer of 0.1% BSA in PBS+0.1% Tween 20. Serial two or four-fold dilutions of mouse serum was added to the wells. After a one hour incubation at room temperature, plates were washed five times with washing buffer, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled conjugate was added at the appropriate optimal dilution in washing buffer. The total IgG assay used F(ab′)₂ goat antimouse IgG (H+L specific)—HRP from Jackson Immuno Research Laboratory Inc. (Baltimore, Md., USA). Sheep anti-mouse IgG1-HRP from Serotec (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) was used in the IgG1 assay and goat anti-mouse IgG2a from Caltag Laboratories (San Francisco, Calif., USA) was used in the IgG2a assay. Following one hour incubation at room temperature, the plates were washed five times with washing buffer, and hydrogen peroxide (substrate) in the presence of tetramethylbenzidine was added. The reaction was stopped by adding 2 M sulfuric acid. The colour was read in a Multiscan Titertek plate reader at an optical density (OD) of 450 nm. The titer was taken as the reciprocal of the last dilution at which the OD was approximately double. This OD must be greater than the negative control of the assay at the starting dilution. The pre-immune serum of each animal was used as the negative control.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In summary of this disclosure, the present invention provides certain novel alphavirus derived DNA vectors containing genes encoding RSV F or RSV G proteins, or other paramyxovirus proteins, methods of immunization using such vectors and methods of diagnosis using such vectors. Modifications are possible within the scope of this invention.

REFERENCES

1. McIntosh K. and Chanock R. M. in Fields B. N. and Knipe D. M. (eds). Virology. Raven Press, New York, 1990, pp.1045-1072.

2. Murphy B. R., Hall S. L., Kulkarni A. B., Crowe J. E., Collins P. L., Connors M., Karron R. A. and Chanock R. M., Virus Res 32, 13-36, 1994.

3. Osterweil D. and Norman D., Am Geriat Soc 36, 659-662, 1990.

4. Agius G., Dindinand G., Biggar R. J., Peyre R., Vaillant V., Ranger S., Poupet J. Y., Cisse M. F. and Casters M., J Med Virol 30, 117-127, 1990.

5. Katz S. L. in New vaccine development establishing priorities Vol 1. National Academic Press, Washington, 1985, pp. 3974 09.

6. Wertz G. W. and Sullender W. M., Biotechnology 20, 151-176, 1992.

7. Fulginiti V. A., Eller J. J., Sieber O. F., Joyner J. W., Minamitani M. and Meiklejohn G., Am i Epidemiol 89, 449-463, 1969.

8. Chin J., Magoffin R. L., Shearer I. A., Schieble J. H. and Lennette E. H., Am J Epidemiol 89, 449-463, 1969.

9. Belshe R. B., Van Voris L. P. and Mufson M. A., J Infect Dis 145, 311-319, 1982.

10. Kim R. M., Arrobio J. O., Pyles G., Brandt C. D., Camargo E., Chanock R. M. and Parrott R. H., Pediatrics 48, 745-755, 1971.

11. Gruber C. and Levine S., J Gen Virol 64, 825-832, 1983.

12. Olmstead R. A., Elango N. and Prince G. A., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83, 7462-7466, 1991.

13. Parrington M., Cockle S., Wyde P., Du R.-P., Snell E., Yan W.-Y., Wang Q., Gisonni L., Sanhueza S., Ewasyshyn M. and Klein M., Virus Genes 14, 65-74, 1997

14. Fulginiti, V. A., Eller, J. J., Sieber, O. F., Joyner, J. W., Minamitani, M. and Meiklejohn, G. (1969) Am. J. Epidemiol. 89 (4), 435-448.

15. Chin, J., Magoffin, R. L., Shearer, L. A., Schieble, J. H. and Lennette, E. H. (1969) Am. J. Epidemiol. 89 (4), 449-463.

16. Jensen, K. E., Peeler, B. E. and Dulworth, W. G. (1962) J. Immunol. 89, 216-226.

17. Murphy, B. R., Prince, G. A., Collins, P. L., Van Wyke -Coelingh, K., Olmsted, R. A., Spriggs, M. K., Parrott, R. H., Kim, H.-Y., Brandt, C. D. and Chanock, R. M. (1988) Vir. Res. 11, 1-15.

18. Hall, S. L., Sarris, C. M., Tierney, E. L., London, W. T., and Murphy, B. R. (1993) J. Infect. Dis. 167, 958-962.

19. Belshe, R. B., Karron, R. A., Newman, F. K., Anderson, E. L., Nugent, S. L., Steinhoff, M., Clements, M. L., Wilson, M. H., Hall, S. L., Tierney, E. L. and Murphy, B. R. (1992) J. Clin. Microbiol. 30 (8), 2064-2070.

20. Hall, S. L., Stokes, A., Tierney, E. L., London, W. T., Belshe, R. B., Newman, F. C. and Murphy, B. R. (1992) Vir. Res. 22, 173-184.

21. Van Wyke Coelingh, K. L., Winter, C. C., Tierney, E. L., London, W. T. and Murphy, B. R. (1988) J. Infect. Dis. 157 (4), 655-662.

22. Ray, R., Novak, M., Duncan, J. D., Matsuoka, Y. and Compans, R. W. (1993) J. Infect. Dis. 167, 752-755.

23. Ray, R., Brown, V. E. and Compans, R. W. (1985) J. Infect. Dis. 152 (6), 1219-1230.

24. Ray, R. and Compans, R. W. (1987) J. Gen. Virol. 68, 409-418.

25. Ray, R., Glaze, B. J., Moldoveanu, Z. and Compans, R. W. (1988) J. Infect. Dis. 157 (4), 648-654.

26. Ray, R., Watsuoka, Y., Burnett, T. L., Glaze, B. J. and Compans, R. W. (1990) J. Infect. Dis. 162, 746-749.

27. Ray, R., Glaze, B. J. and Compans, R. W. (1988) J. Virol. 62 (3), 783-787.

28. Ewasyshyn, M., Caplan, B., Bonneau A.-M., Scollard, N., Graham, S., Usman, S. and Klein, M. (1992) Vaccine 10 (6) , 412-420.

29. Ambrose, M. W., Wyde, P. R., Ewasyshyn, M., Bonneau, A.-M., Caplan, B., Meyer, H. L. and Klein, M. (1991) Vaccine 9, 505-511.

30. Kasel, J. A., Frank, A. L., Keitel, W. H., Taber, L. H., Glezen W. P. J. Virol. 1984; 52:828-32.

31. Lehman, D. J., Roof, L. L., Brideau, R. J., Aeed, P. A., Thomsen, D. R., Elhammer, A. P., Wathen, M. W. and Homa, F. L. (1993) J. Gen. Virol. 74, 459-469.

32. Brideau, R. J., Oien, N. L., Lehman, D. J., Homa, F. L. and Wathen, M. W. (1993) J. Gen. Virol. 74, 471-477.

33. Ebata, S. N., Prevec, L., Graham, F. L. and Dimock, K. (1992) Vir. Res. 24, 21-33.

34. Hall, S. L., Murphy, B. R. and Van Wyke Coelingh, K. L. (1991) Vaccine 9, 659-667.

35. Strauss E. G. and Strauss J. H., in Schlesinger S. S. and Schlesinger M. i. (eds). The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae. Plenum Press, New York, 1986, pp.35-90.

36. Chapman, B. S.; Thayer, R. M.; Vincent, K. A. and Haigwood, N. L., Nucl. Acids. Res. 1991, 19: 3979-3986.

37. Breathnack, R. and Harris, B. A., Nucl. Acids Res. 1983, 11: 7119-7136

38. Nabel, G. J. 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 90: 11307-11311.

39. Tang et al., Nature 1992, 356: 152-154

40. Furth et al. Analytical Biochemistry, 1992, 205: 365-368

41. Prince, G. A. et al, Am. J. Pathol. 93, 771 to 790, 1978.

7 1 15538 DNA respiratory syncytial virus 1 tcgcgcgttt cggtgatgac ggtgaaaacc tctgacacat gcagctcccg gagacggtca 60 cagcttgtct gtaagcggat gccgggagca gacaagcccg tcagggcgcg tcagcgggtg 120 ttggcgggtg tcggggctgg cttaactatg cggcatcaga gcagattgta ctgagagtgc 180 accatatgcg gtgtgaaata ccgcacagat gcgtaaggag aaaataccgc atcagattgg 240 ctattggcca ttgcatacgt tgtatccata tcataatatg tacatttata ttggctcatg 300 tccaacatta ccgccatgtt gacattgatt attgactagt tattaatagt aatcaattac 360 ggggtcatta gttcatagcc catatatgga gttccgcgtt acataactta cggtaaatgg 420 cccgcctggc tgaccgccca acgacccccg cccattgacg tcaataatga cgtatgttcc 480 catagtaacg ccaataggga ctttccattg acgtcaatgg gtggagtatt tacggtaaac 540 tgcccacttg gcagtacatc aagtgtatca tatgccaagt acgcccccta ttgacgtcaa 600 tgacggtaaa tggcccgcct ggcattatgc ccagtacatg accttatggg actttcctac 660 ttggcagtac atctacgtat tagtcatcgc tattaccatg gtgatgcggt tttggcagta 720 catcaatggg cgtggatagc ggtttgactc acggggattt ccaagtctcc accccattga 780 cgtcaatggg agtttgtttt ggcaccaaaa tcaacgggac tttccaaaat gtcgtaacaa 840 ctccgcccca ttgacgcaaa tgggcggtag gcgtgtacgg tgggaggtct atataagcag 900 agctcgttta gtgaaccgtc agatcgcctg gagacgccat ccacgctgtt ttgacctcca 960 tagaagacac cgggaccgat ccagcctccg cggccgggaa cggtgcattg gaacgcggat 1020 tccccgtgcc aagagtgacg taagtaccgc ctatagactc tataggcaca cccctttggc 1080 tcttatgcat gctatactgt ttttggcttg gggcctatac acccccgctt ccttatgcta 1140 taggtgatgg tatagcttag cctataggtg tgggttattg accattattg accactcccc 1200 tattggtgac gatactttcc attactaatc cataacatgg ctctttgcca caactatctc 1260 tattggctat atgccaatac tctgtccttc agagactgac acggactctg tatttttaca 1320 ggatggggtc ccatttatta tttacaaatt cacatataca acaacgccgt cccccgtgcc 1380 cgcagttttt attaaacata gcgtgggatc tccacgcgaa tctcgggtac gtgttccgga 1440 catgggctct tctccggtag cggcggagct tccacatccg agccctggtc ccatgcctcc 1500 agcggctcat ggtcgctcgg cagctccttg ctcctaacag tggaggccag acttaggcac 1560 agcacaatgc ccaccaccac cagtgtgccg cacaaggccg tggcggtagg gtatgtgtct 1620 gaaaatgagc gtggagattg ggctcgcacg gctgacgcag atggaagact taaggcagcg 1680 gcagaagaag atgcaggcag ctgagttgtt gtattctgat aagagtcaga ggtaactccc 1740 gttgcggtgc tgttaacggt ggagggcagt gtagtctgag cagtactcgt tgctgccgcg 1800 cgcgccacca gacataatag ctgacagact aacagactgt tcctttccat gggtcttttc 1860 cgatcctgag aacttcaggg tgagtttggg gacccttgat tgttctttct ttttcgctat 1920 tgtaaaattc atgttatatg gagggggcaa agttttcagg gtgttgttta gaatgggaag 1980 atgtcccttg tatcaccatg gaccctcatg ataattttgt ttctttcact ttctactctg 2040 ttgacaacca ttgtctcctc ttattttctt ttcattttct gtaacttttt cgttaaactt 2100 tagcttgcat ttgtaacgaa tttttaaatt cacttttgtt tatttgtcag attgtaagta 2160 ctttctctaa tcactttttt ttcaaggcaa tcagggtata ttatattgta cttcagcaca 2220 gttttagaga acaattgtta taattaaatg ataaggtaga atatttctgc atataaattc 2280 tggctggcgt ggaaatattc ttattggtag aaacaactac atcctggtca tcatcctgcc 2340 tttctcttta tggttacaat gatatacact gtttgagatg aggataaaat actctgagtc 2400 caaaccgggc ccctctgcta accatgttca tgccttcttc tttttcctac agctcctggg 2460 caacgtgctg gttattgtgc tgtctcatca ttttggcaaa gaattgtaat acgactcact 2520 atagggcgaa ttgtcaccgt cgtcgacatg gcggatgtgt gacatacacg acgccaaaag 2580 attttgttcc agctcctgcc acctccgcta cgcgagagat taaccaccca cgatggccgc 2640 caaagtgcat gttgatattg aggctgacag cccattcatc aagtctttgc agaaggcatt 2700 tccgtcgttc gaggtggagt cattgcaggt cacaccaaat gaccatgcaa atgccagagc 2760 attttcgcac ctggctacca aattgatcga gcaggagact gacaaagaca cactcatctt 2820 ggatatcggc agtgcgcctt ccaggagaat gatgtctacg cacaaatacc actgcgtatg 2880 ccctatgcgc agcgcagaag accccgaaag gctcgatagc tacgcaaaga aactggcagc 2940 ggcctccggg aaggtgctgg atagagagat cgcaggaaaa atcaccgacc tgcagaccgt 3000 catggctacg ccagacgctg aatctcctac cttttgcctg catacagacg tcacgtgtcg 3060 tacggcagcc gaagtggccg tataccagga cgtgtatgct gtacatgcac caacatcgct 3120 gtaccatcag gcgatgaaag gtgtcagaac ggcgtattgg attgggtttg acaccacccc 3180 gtttatgttt gacgcgctag caggcgcgta tccaacctac gccacaaact gggccgacga 3240 gcaggtgtta caggccagga acataggact gtgtgcagca tccttgactg agggaagact 3300 cggcaaactg tccattctcc gcaagaagca attgaaacct tgcgacacag tcatgttctc 3360 ggtaggatct acattgtaca ctgagagcag aaagctactg aggagctggc acttaccctc 3420 cgtattccac ctgaaaggta aacaatcctt tacctgtagg tgcgatacca tcgtatcatg 3480 tgaagggtac gtagttaaga aaatcactat gtgccccggc ctgtacggta aaacggtagg 3540 gtacgccgtg acgtatcacg cggagggatt cctagtgtgc aagaccacag acactgtcaa 3600 aggagaaaga gtctcattcc ctgtatgcac ctacgtcccc tcaaccatct gtgatcaaat 3660 gactggcata ctagcgaccg acgtcacacc ggaggacgca cagaagttgt tagtgggatt 3720 gaatcagagg atagttgtga acggaagaac acagcgaaac actaacacga tgaagaacta 3780 tctgcttccg attgtggccg tcgcatttag caagtgggcg agggaataca aggcagacct 3840 tgatgatgaa aaacctctgg gtgtccgaga gaggtcactt acttgctgct gcttgtgggc 3900 atttaaaacg aggaagatgc acaccatgta caagaaacca gacacccaga caatagtgaa 3960 ggtgccttca gagtttaact cgttcgtcat cccgagccta tggtctacag gcctcgcaat 4020 cccagtcaga tcacgcatta agatgctttt ggccaagaag accaagcgag agttaatacc 4080 tgttctcgac gcgtcgtcag ccagggatgc tgaacaagag gagaaggaga ggttggaggc 4140 cgagctgact agagaagcct taccacccct cgtccccatc gcgccggcgg agacgggagt 4200 cgtcgacgtc gacgttgaag aactagagta tcacgcaggt gcaggggtcg tggaaacacc 4260 tcgcagcgcg ttgaaagtca ccgcacagcc gaacgacgta ctactaggaa attacgtagt 4320 tctgtccccg cagaccgtgc tcaagagctc caagttggcc cccgtgcacc ctctagcaga 4380 gcaggtgaaa ataataacac ataacgggag ggccggcggt taccaggtcg acggatatga 4440 cggcagggtc ctactaccat gtggatcggc cattccggtc cctgagtttc aagctttgag 4500 cgagagcgcc actatggtgt acaacgaaag ggagttcgtc aacaggaaac tataccatat 4560 tgccgttcac ggaccgtcgc tgaacaccga cgaggagaac tacgagaaag tcagagctga 4620 aagaactgac gccgagtacg tgttcgacgt agataaaaaa tgctgcgtca agagagagga 4680 agcgtcgggt ttggtgttgg tgggagagct aaccaacccc ccgttccatg aattcgccta 4740 cgaagggctg aagatcaggc cgtcggcacc atataagact acagtagtag gagtctttgg 4800 ggttccggga tcaggcaagt ctgctattat taagagcctc gtgaccaaac acgatctggt 4860 caccagcggc aagaaggaga actgccagga aatagttaac gacgtgaaga agcaccgcgg 4920 gaaggggaca agtagggaaa acagtgactc catcctgcta aacgggtgtc gtcgtgccgt 4980 ggacatccta tatgtggacg aggctttcgc ttgccattcc ggtactctgc tggccctaat 5040 tgctcttgtt aaacctcgga gcaaagtggt gttatgcgga gaccccaagc aatgcggatt 5100 cttcaatatg atgcagctta aggtgaactt caaccacaac atctgcactg aagtatgtca 5160 taaaagtata tccagacgtt gcacgcgtcc agtcacggcc atcgtgtcta cgttgcacta 5220 cggaggcaag atgcgcacga ccaacccgtg caacaaaccc ataatcatag acaccacagg 5280 acagaccaag cccaagccag gagacatcgt gttaacatgc ttccgaggct gggcaaagca 5340 gctgcagttg gactaccgtg gacacgaagt catgacagca gcagcatctc agggcctcac 5400 ccgcaaaggg gtatacgccg taaggcagaa ggtgaatgaa aatcccttgt atgcccctgc 5460 gtcggagcac gtgaatgtac tgctgacgcg cactgaggat aggctggtgt ggaaaacgct 5520 ggccggcgat ccctggatta aggtcctatc aaacattcca cagggtaact ttacggccac 5580 attggaagaa tggcaagaag aacacgacaa aataatgaag gtgattgaag gaccggctgc 5640 gcctgtggac gcgttccaga acaaagcgaa cgtgtgttgg gcgaaaagcc tggtgcctgt 5700 cctggacact gccggaatca gattgacagc agaggagtgg agcaccataa ttacagcatt 5760 taaggaggac agagcttact ctccagtggt ggccttgaat gaaatttgca ccaagtacta 5820 tggagttgac ctggacagtg gcctgttttc tgccccgaag gtgtccctgt attacgagaa 5880 caaccactgg gataacagac ctggtggaag gatgtatgga ttcaatgccg caacagctgc 5940 caggctggaa gctagacata ccttcctgaa ggggcagtgg catacgggca agcaggcagt 6000 tatcgcagaa agaaaaatcc aaccgctttc tgtgctggac aatgtaattc ctatcaaccg 6060 caggctgccg cacgccctgg tggctgagta caagacggtt aaaggcagta gggttgagtg 6120 gctggtcaat aaagtaagag ggtaccacgt cctgctggtg agtgagtaca acctggcttt 6180 gcctcgacgc agggtcactt ggttgtcacc gctgaatgtc acaggcgccg ataggtgcta 6240 cgacctaagt ttaggactgc cggctgacgc cggcaggttc gacttggtct ttgtgaacat 6300 tcacacggaa ttcagaatcc accactacca gcagtgtgtc gaccacgcca tgaagctgca 6360 gatgcttggg ggagatgcgc tacgactgct aaaacccggc ggcatcttga tgagagctta 6420 cggatacgcc gataaaatca gcgaagccgt tgtttcctcc ttaagcagaa agttctcgtc 6480 tgcaagagtg ttgcgcccgg attgtgtcac cagcaataca gaagtgttct tgctgttctc 6540 caactttgac aacggaaaga gaccctctac gctacaccag atgaatacca agctgagtgc 6600 cgtgtatgcc ggagaagcca tgcacacggc cgggtgtgca ccatcctaca gagttaagag 6660 agcagacata gccacgtgca cagaagcggc tgtggttaac gcagctaacg cccgtggaac 6720 tgtaggggat ggcgtatgca gggccgtggc gaagaaatgg ccgtcagcct ttaagggagc 6780 agcaacacca gtgggcacaa ttaaaacagt catgtgcggc tcgtaccccg tcatccacgc 6840 tgtagcgcct aatttctctg ccacgactga agcggaaggg gaccgcgaat tggccgctgt 6900 ctaccgggca gtggccgccg aagtaaacag actgtcactg agcagcgtag ccatcccgct 6960 gctgtccaca ggagtgttca gcggcggaag agataggctg cagcaatccc tcaaccatct 7020 attcacagca atggacgcca cggacgctga cgtgaccatc tactgcagag acaaaagttg 7080 ggagaagaaa atccaggaag ccattgacat gaggacggct gtggagttgc tcaatgatga 7140 cgtggagctg accacagact tggtgagagt gcacccggac agcagcctgg tgggtcgtaa 7200 gggctacagt accactgacg ggtcgctgta ctcgtacttt gaaggtacga aattcaacca 7260 ggctgctatt gatatggcag agatactgac gttgtggccc agactgcaag aggcaaacga 7320 acagatatgc ctatacgcgc tgggcgaaac aatggacaac atcagatcca aatgtccggt 7380 gaacgattcc gattcatcaa cacctcccag gacagtgccc tgcctgtgcc gctacgcaat 7440 gacagcagaa cggatcgccc gccttaggtc acaccaagtt aaaagcatgg tggtttgctc 7500 atcttttccc ctcccgaaat accatgtaga tggggtgcag aaggtaaagt gcgagaaggt 7560 tctcctgttc gacccgacgg taccttcagt ggttagtccg cggaagtatg ccgcatctac 7620 gacggaccac tcagatcggt cgttacgagg gtttgacttg gactggacca ccgactcgtc 7680 ttccactgcc agcgatacca tgtcgctacc cagtttgcag tcgtgtgaca tcgactcgat 7740 ctacgagcca atggctccca tagtagtgac ggctgacgta caccctgaac ccgcaggcat 7800 cgcggacctg gcggcagatg tgcaccctga acccgcagac catgtggacc tcgagaaccc 7860 gattcctcca ccgcgcccga agagagctgc ataccttgcc tcccgcgcgg cggagcgacc 7920 ggtgccggcg ccgagaaagc cgacgcctgc cccaaggact gcgtttagga acaagctgcc 7980 tttgacgttc ggcgactttg acgagcacga ggtcgatgcg ttggcctccg ggattacttt 8040 cggagacttc gacgacgtcc tgcgactagg ccgcgcgggt gcatatattt tctcctcgga 8100 cactggcagc ggacatttac aacaaaaatc cgttaggcag cacaatctcc agtgcgcaca 8160 actggatgcg gtccaggagg agaaaatgta cccgccaaaa ttggatactg agagggagaa 8220 gctgttgctg ctgaaaatgc agatgcaccc atcggaggct aataagagtc gataccagtc 8280 tcgcaaagtg gagaacatga aagccacggt ggtggacagg ctcacatcgg gggccagatt 8340 gtacacggga gcggacgtag gccgcatacc aacatacgcg gttcggtacc cccgccccgt 8400 gtactcccct accgtgatcg aaagattctc aagccccgat gtagcaatcg cagcgtgcaa 8460 cgaataccta tccagaaatt acccaacagt ggcgtcgtac cagataacag atgaatacga 8520 cgcatacttg gacatggttg acgggtcgga tagttgcttg gacagagcga cattctgccc 8580 ggcgaagctc cggtgctacc cgaaacatca tgcgtaccac cagccgactg tacgcagtgc 8640 cgtcccgtca ccctttcaga acacactaca gaacgtgcta gcggccgcca ccaagagaaa 8700 ctgcaacgtc acgcaaatgc gagaactacc caccatggac tcggcagtgt tcaacgtgga 8760 gtgcttcaag cgctatgcct gctccggaga atattgggaa gaatatgcta aacaacctat 8820 ccggataacc actgagaaca tcactaccta tgtgaccaaa ttgaaaggcc cgaaagctgc 8880 tgccttgttc gctaagaccc acaacttggt tccgctgcag gaggttccca tggacagatt 8940 cacggtcgac atgaaacgag atgtcaaagt cactccaggg acgaaacaca cagaggaaag 9000 acccaaagtc caggtaattc aagcagcgga gccattggcg accgcttacc tgtgcggcat 9060 ccacagggaa ttagtaagga gactaaatgc tgtgttacgc cctaacgtgc acacattgtt 9120 tgatatgtcg gccgaagact ttgacgcgat catcgcctct cacttccacc caggagaccc 9180 ggttctagag acggacattg catcattcga caaaagccag gacgactcct tggctcttac 9240 aggtttaatg atcctcgaag atctaggggt ggatcagtac ctgctggact tgatcgaggc 9300 agcctttggg gaaatatcca gctgtcacct accaactggc acgcgcttca agttcggagc 9360 tatgatgaaa tcgggcatgt ttctgacttt gtttattaac actgttttga acatcaccat 9420 agcaagcagg gtactggagc agagactcac tgactccgcc tgtgcggcct tcatcggcga 9480 cgacaacatc gttcacggag tgatctccga caagctgatg gcggagaggt gcgcgtcgtg 9540 ggtcaacatg gaggtgaaga tcattgacgc tgtcatgggc gaaaaacccc catatttttg 9600 tgggggattc atagtttttg acagcgtcac acagaccgcc tgccgtgttt cagacccact 9660 taagcgcctg ttcaagttgg gtaagccgct aacagctgaa gacaagcagg acgaagacag 9720 gcgacgagca ctgagtgacg aggttagcaa gtggttccgg acaggcttgg gggccgaact 9780 ggaggtggca ctaacatcta ggtatgaggt agagggctgc aaaagtatcc tcatagccat 9840 ggccaccttg gcgagggaca ttaaggcgtt taagaaattg agaggacctg ttatacacct 9900 ctacggcggt cctagattgg tgcgttaata cacagaattc tgattggatc atagcgcact 9960 attataggat ccgcgcgcgc gaattcggca cgagtaacaa tggagttgct aatcctcaaa 10020 gcaaatgcaa ttaccacaat cctcactgca gtcacatttt gttttgcttc tggtcaaaac 10080 atcactgaag aattttatca atcaacatgc agtgcagtta gcaaaggcta tcttagtgct 10140 ctgagaactg gttggtatac cagtgttata actatagaat taagtaatat caaggaaaat 10200 aagtgtaatg gaacagatgc taaggtaaaa ttgataaaac aagaattaga taaatataaa 10260 aatgctgtaa cagaattgca gttgctcatg caaagcacac cagcagcaaa caatcgagcc 10320 agaagagaac taccaaggtt tatgaattat acactcaaca atgccaaaaa aaccaatgta 10380 acattaagca agaaaaggaa aagaagattt cttggttttt tgttaggtgt tggatctgca 10440 atcgccagtg gcgttgctgt atctaaggtc ctgcacctag aaggggaagt gaacaagatc 10500 aaaagtgctc tactatccac aaacaaggct gtagtcagct tatcaaatgg agttagtgtc 10560 ttaaccagca aagtgttaga cctcaaaaac tatatagata aacaattgtt acctattgtg 10620 aacaagcaaa gctgcagcat atcaaatata gaaactgtga tagagttcca acaaaagaac 10680 aacagactac tagagattac cagggaattt agtgttaatg caggtgtaac tacacctgta 10740 agcacttaca tgttaactaa tagtgaatta ttgtcattaa tcaatgatat gcctataaca 10800 aatgatcaga aaaagttaat gtccaacaat gttcaaatag ttagacagca aagttactct 10860 atcatgtcca taataaaaga ggaagtctta gcatatgtag tacaattacc actatatggt 10920 gttatagata caccctgttg gaaactacac acatcccctc tatgtacaac caacacaaaa 10980 gaagggtcca acatctgttt aacaagaact gacagaggat ggtactgtga caatgcagga 11040 tcagtatctt tcttcccaca agctgaaaca tgtaaagttc aatcaaatcg agtattttgt 11100 gacacaatga acagtttaac attaccaagt gaaataaatc tctgcaatgt tgacatattc 11160 aaccccaaat atgattgtaa aattatgact tcaaaaacag atgtaagcag ctccgttatc 11220 acatctctag gagccattgt gtcatgctat ggcaaaacta aatgtacagc atccaataaa 11280 aatcgtggaa tcataaagac attttctaac gggtgcgatt atgtatcaaa taaagggatg 11340 gacactgtgt ctgtaggtaa cacattatat tatgtaaata agcaagaagg taaaagtctc 11400 tatgtaaaag gtgaaccaat aataaatttc tatgacccat tagtattccc ctctgatgaa 11460 tttgatgcat caatatctca agtcaacgag aagattaacc agagcctagc atttattcgt 11520 aaatccgatg aattattaca taatgtaaat gctggtaaat ccaccacaaa tatcatgact 11580 tgataatgag gatccagatc ccgggtaatt aattgaatta catccctacg caaacgtttt 11640 acggccgccg gtggcgcccg cgcccggcgg cccgtccttg gccgttgcag gccactccgg 11700 tggctcccgt cgtccccgac ttccaggccc agcagatgca gcaactcatc agcgccgtaa 11760 atgcgctgac aatgagacag aacgcaattg ctcctgctag gcctcccaaa ccaaagaaga 11820 agaagacaac caaaccaaag ccgaaaacgc agcccaagaa gatcaacgga aaaacgcagc 11880 agcaaaagaa gaaagacaag caagccgaca agaagaagaa gaaacccgga aaaagagaaa 11940 gaatgtgcat gaagattgaa aatgactgta tcttcgtatg cggctagcca cagtaacgta 12000 gtgtttccag acatgtcggg caccgcacta tcatgggtgc agaaaatctc gggtggtctg 12060 ggggccttcg caatcggcgc tatcctggtg ctggttgtgg tcacttgcat tgggctccgc 12120 agataagtta gggtaggcaa tggcattgat atagcaagaa aattgaaaac agaaaaagtt 12180 agggtaagca atggcatata accataactg tataacttgt aacaaagcgc aacaagacct 12240 gcgcaattgg ccccgtggtc cgcctcacgg aaactcgggg caactcatat tgacacatta 12300 attggcaata attggaagct tacataagct taattcgacg aataattgga tttttatttt 12360 attttgcaat tggtttttaa tatttccaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 12420 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaacta gcgggtcggc atggcatctc 12480 cacctcctcg cggtccgacc tgggcatccg aaggaggacg cacgtccact cggatggcta 12540 agggagagat ccagatctgc tgtgccttct agttgccagc catctgttgt ttgcccctcc 12600 cccgtgcctt ccttgaccct ggaaggtgcc actcccactg tcctttccta ataaaatgag 12660 gaaattgcat cgcattgtct gagtaggtgt cattctattc tggggggtgg ggtggggcag 12720 gacagcaagg gggaggattg ggaagacaat agcaggcatg ctggggatgc ggtgggctct 12780 atgggtaccc aggtgctgaa gaattgaccc ggttcctcct gggccagaaa gaagcaggca 12840 catccccttc tctgtgacac accctgtcca cgcccctggt tcttagttcc agccccactc 12900 ataggacact catagctcag gagggctccg ccttcaatcc cacccgctaa agtacttgga 12960 gcggtctctc cctccctcat cagcccacca aaccaaacct agcctccaag agtgggaaga 13020 aattaaagca agataggcta ttaagtgcag agggagagaa aatgcctcca acatgtgagg 13080 aagtaatgag agaaatcata gaatttcttc cgcttcctcg ctcactgact cgctgcgctc 13140 ggtcgttcgg ctgcggcgag cggtatcagc tcactcaaag gcggtaatac ggttatccac 13200 agaatcaggg gataacgcag gaaagaacat gtgagcaaaa ggccagcaaa aggccaggaa 13260 ccgtaaaaag gccgcgttgc tggcgttttt ccataggctc cgcccccctg acgagcatca 13320 caaaaatcga cgctcaagtc agaggtggcg aaacccgaca ggactataaa gataccaggc 13380 gtttccccct ggaagctccc tcgtgcgctc tcctgttccg accctgccgc ttaccggata 13440 cctgtccgcc tttctccctt cgggaagcgt ggcgctttct catagctcac gctgtaggta 13500 tctcagttcg gtgtaggtcg ttcgctccaa gctgggctgt gtgcacgaac cccccgttca 13560 gcccgaccgc tgcgccttat ccggtaacta tcgtcttgag tccaacccgg taagacacga 13620 cttatcgcca ctggcagcag ccactggtaa caggattagc agagcgaggt atgtaggcgg 13680 tgctacagag ttcttgaagt ggtggcctaa ctacggctac actagaagaa cagtatttgg 13740 tatctgcgct ctgctgaagc cagttacctt cggaaaaaga gttggtagct cttgatccgg 13800 caaacaaacc accgctggta gcggtggttt ttttgtttgc aagcagcaga ttacgcgcag 13860 aaaaaaagga tctcaagaag atcctttgat cttttctacg gggtctgacg ctcagtggaa 13920 cgaaaactca cgttaaggga ttttggtcat gagattatca aaaaggatct tcacctagat 13980 ccttttaaat taaaaatgaa gttttaaatc aatctaaagt atatatgagt aaacttggtc 14040 tgacagttac caatgcttaa tcagtgaggc acctatctca gcgatctgtc tatttcgttc 14100 atccatagtt gcctgactcg gggggggggg gcgctgaggt ctgcctcgtg aagaaggtgt 14160 tgctgactca taccaggcct gaatcgcccc atcatccagc cagaaagtga gggagccacg 14220 gttgatgaga gctttgttgt aggtggacca gttggtgatt ttgaactttt gctttgccac 14280 ggaacggtct gcgttgtcgg gaagatgcgt gatctgatcc ttcaactcag caaaagttcg 14340 atttattcaa caaagccgcc gtcccgtcaa gtcagcgtaa tgctctgcca gtgttacaac 14400 caattaacca attgtgatta gaaaaactca tcgagcatca aatgaaactg caatttattc 14460 atatcaggat tatcaatacc atatttttga aaaagccgtt tctgtaatga aggagaaaac 14520 tcaccgaggc agttccatag gatggcaaga tcctggtatc ggtctgcgat tccgactcgt 14580 ccaacatcaa tacaacctat taatttcccc tcgtcaaaaa taaggttatc aagtgagaaa 14640 tcaccatgag tgacgactga atccggtgag aatggcaaaa gcttatgcat ttctttccag 14700 acttgttcaa caggccagcc attacgctcg tcatcaaaat cactcgcatc aaccaaaccg 14760 ttattcattc gtgattgcgc ctgagcgaga cgaaatacgc gatcgctgtt aaaaggacaa 14820 ttacaaacag gaatcgaatg caaccggcgc aggaacactg ccagcgcatc aacaatattt 14880 tcacctgaat caggatattc ttctaatacc tggaatgctg ttttcccggg gatcgcagtg 14940 gtgagtaacc atgcatcatc aggagtacgg ataaaatgct tgatggtcgg aagaggcata 15000 aattccgtca gccagtttag tctgaccatc tcatctgtaa catcattggc aacgctacct 15060 ttgccatgtt tcagaaacaa ctctggcgca tcgggcttcc catacaatcg atagattgtc 15120 gcacctgatt gcccgacatt atcgcgagcc catttatacc catataaatc agcatccatg 15180 ttggaattta atcgcggcct cgagcaagac gtttcccgtt gaatatggct cataacgttc 15240 cttgtattac tgtttatgta agcagacagt tttattgttc atgatgatat atttttatct 15300 tgtgcaatgt aacatcagag attttgagac acaacgtggc tttccccccc cccccattat 15360 tgaagcattt atcagggtta ttgtctcatg agcggataca tatttgaatg tatttagaaa 15420 aataaacaaa taggggttcc gcgcacattt ccccgaaaag tgccacctga cgtctaagaa 15480 accattatta tcatgacatt aacctataaa aataggcgta tcacgaggcc ctttcgtc 15538 2 90 DNA respiratory syncytial virus 2 ctagcgggtc ggcatggcat ctccacctcc tcgcggtccg acctgggcat ccgaaggagg 60 acgcacgtcc actcggatgg ctaagggaga 90 3 90 DNA respiratory syncytial virus 3 gcccagccgt accgtagagg ttgaggagcg ccaggctgga cccgtaggct tcctcctgcg 60 tgcaggtgag cctaccgatt ccctctctag 90 4 8100 DNA respiratory syncytial virus 4 atcggcagtg cgccttccag gagaatgatg tctacgcaca aataccactg cgtatgccct 60 atgcgcagcg cagaagaccc cgaaaggctc gatagctacg caaagaaact ggcagcggcc 120 tccgggaagg tgctggatag agagatcgca ggaaaaatca ccgacctgca gaccgtcatg 180 gctacgccag acgctgaatc tcctaccttt tgcctgcata cagacgtcac gtgtcgtacg 240 gcagccgaag tggccgtata ccaggacgtg tatgctgtac atgcaccaac atcgctgtac 300 catcaggcga tgaaaggtgt cagaacggcg tattggattg ggtttgacac caccccgttt 360 atgtttgacg cgctagcagg cgcgtatcca acctacgcca caaactgggc cgacgagcag 420 gtgttacagg ccaggaacat aggactgtgt gcagcatcct tgactgaggg aagactcggc 480 aaactgtcca ttctccgcaa gaagcaattg aaaccttgcg acacagtcat gttctcggta 540 ggatctacat tgtacactga gagcagaaag ctactgagga gctggcactt accctccgta 600 ttccacctga aaggtaaaca atcctttacc tgtaggtgcg ataccatcgt atcatgtgaa 660 gggtacgtag ttaagaaaat cactatgtgc cccggcctgt acggtaaaac ggtagggtac 720 gccgtgacgt atcacgcgga gggattccta gtgtgcaaga ccacagacac tgtcaaagga 780 gaaagagtct cattccctgt atgcacctac gtcccctcaa ccatctgtga tcaaatgact 840 ggcatactag cgaccgacgt cacaccggag gacgcacaga agttgttagt gggattgaat 900 cagaggatag ttgtgaacgg aagaacacag cgaaacacta acacgatgaa gaactatctg 960 cttccgattg tggccgtcgc atttagcaag tgggcgaggg aatacaaggc agaccttgat 1020 gatgaaaaac ctctgggtgt ccgagagagg tcacttactt gctgctgctt gtgggcattt 1080 aaaacgagga agatgcacac catgtacaag aaaccagaca cccagacaat agtgaaggtg 1140 ccttcagagt ttaactcgtt cgtcatcccg agcctatggt ctacaggcct cgcaatccca 1200 gtcagatcac gcattaagat gcttttggcc aagaagacca agcgagagtt aatacctgtt 1260 ctcgacgcgt cgtcagccag ggatgctgaa caagaggaga aggagaggtt ggaggccgag 1320 ctgactagag aagccttacc acccctcgtc cccatcgcgc cggcggagac gggagtcgtc 1380 gacgtcgacg ttgaagaact agagtatcac gcaggtgcag gggtcgtgga aacacctcgc 1440 agcgcgttga aagtcaccgc acagccgaac gacgtactac taggaaatta cgtagttctg 1500 tccccgcaga ccgtgctcaa gagctccaag ttggcccccg tgcaccctct agcagagcag 1560 gtgaaaataa taacacataa cgggagggcc ggcggttacc aggtcgacgg atatgacggc 1620 agggtcctac taccatgtgg atcggccatt ccggtccctg agtttcaagc tttgagcgag 1680 agcgccacta tggtgtacaa cgaaagggag ttcgtcaaca ggaaactata ccatattgcc 1740 gttcacggac cgtcgctgaa caccgacgag gagaactacg agaaagtcag agctgaaaga 1800 actgacgccg agtacgtgtt cgacgtagat aaaaaatgct gcgtcaagag agaggaagcg 1860 tcgggtttgg tgttggtggg agagctaacc aaccccccgt tccatgaatt cgcctacgaa 1920 gggctgaaga tcaggccgtc ggcaccatat aagactacag tagtaggagt ctttggggtt 1980 ccgggatcag gcaagtctgc tattattaag agcctcgtga ccaaacacga tctggtcacc 2040 agcggcaaga aggagaactg ccaggaaata gttaacgacg tgaagaagca ccgcgggaag 2100 gggacaagta gggaaaacag tgactccatc ctgctaaacg ggtgtcgtcg tgccgtggac 2160 atcctatatg tggacgaggc tttcgcttgc cattccggta ctctgctggc cctaattgct 2220 cttgttaaac ctcggagcaa agtggtgtta tgcggagacc ccaagcaatg cggattcttc 2280 aatatgatgc agcttaaggt gaacttcaac cacaacatct gcactgaagt atgtcataaa 2340 agtatatcca gacgttgcac gcgtccagtc acggccatcg tgtctacgtt gcactacgga 2400 ggcaagatgc gcacgaccaa cccgtgcaac aaacccataa tcatagacac cacaggacag 2460 accaagccca agccaggaga catcgtgtta acatgcttcc gaggctgggc aaagcagctg 2520 cagttggact accgtggaca cgaagtcatg acagcagcag catctcaggg cctcacccgc 2580 aaaggggtat acgccgtaag gcagaaggtg aatgaaaatc ccttgtatgc ccctgcgtcg 2640 gagcacgtga atgtactgct gacgcgcact gaggataggc tggtgtggaa aacgctggcc 2700 ggcgatccct ggattaaggt cctatcaaac attccacagg gtaactttac ggccacattg 2760 gaagaatggc aagaagaaca cgacaaaata atgaaggtga ttgaaggacc ggctgcgcct 2820 gtggacgcgt tccagaacaa agcgaacgtg tgttgggcga aaagcctggt gcctgtcctg 2880 gacactgccg gaatcagatt gacagcagag gagtggagca ccataattac agcatttaag 2940 gaggacagag cttactctcc agtggtggcc ttgaatgaaa tttgcaccaa gtactatgga 3000 gttgacctgg acagtggcct gttttctgcc ccgaaggtgt ccctgtatta cgagaacaac 3060 cactgggata acagacctgg tggaaggatg tatggattca atgccgcaac agctgccagg 3120 ctggaagcta gacatacctt cctgaagggg cagtggcata cgggcaagca ggcagttatc 3180 gcagaaagaa aaatccaacc gctttctgtg ctggacaatg taattcctat caaccgcagg 3240 ctgccgcacg ccctggtggc tgagtacaag acggttaaag gcagtagggt tgagtggctg 3300 gtcaataaag taagagggta ccacgtcctg ctggtgagtg agtacaacct ggctttgcct 3360 cgacgcaggg tcacttggtt gtcaccgctg aatgtcacag gcgccgatag gtgctacgac 3420 ctaagtttag gactgccggc tgacgccggc aggttcgact tggtctttgt gaacattcac 3480 acggaattca gaatccacca ctaccagcag tgtgtcgacc acgccatgaa gctgcagatg 3540 cttgggggag atgcgctacg actgctaaaa cccggcggca tcttgatgag agcttacgga 3600 tacgccgata aaatcagcga agccgttgtt tcctccttaa gcagaaagtt ctcgtctgca 3660 agagtgttgc gcccggattg tgtcaccagc aatacagaag tgttcttgct gttctccaac 3720 tttgacaacg gaaagagacc ctctacgcta caccagatga ataccaagct gagtgccgtg 3780 tatgccggag aagccatgca cacggccggg tgtgcaccat cctacagagt taagagagca 3840 gacatagcca cgtgcacaga agcggctgtg gttaacgcag ctaacgcccg tggaactgta 3900 ggggatggcg tatgcagggc cgtggcgaag aaatggccgt cagcctttaa gggagcagca 3960 acaccagtgg gcacaattaa aacagtcatg tgcggctcgt accccgtcat ccacgctgta 4020 gcgcctaatt tctctgccac gactgaagcg gaaggggacc gcgaattggc cgctgtctac 4080 cgggcagtgg ccgccgaagt aaacagactg tcactgagca gcgtagccat cccgctgctg 4140 tccacaggag tgttcagcgg cggaagagat aggctgcagc aatccctcaa ccatctattc 4200 acagcaatgg acgccacgga cgctgacgtg accatctact gcagagacaa aagttgggag 4260 aagaaaatcc aggaagccat tgacatgagg acggctgtgg agttgctcaa tgatgacgtg 4320 gagctgacca cagacttggt gagagtgcac ccggacagca gcctggtggg tcgtaagggc 4380 tacagtacca ctgacgggtc gctgtactcg tactttgaag gtacgaaatt caaccaggct 4440 gctattgata tggcagagat actgacgttg tggcccagac tgcaagaggc aaacgaacag 4500 atatgcctat acgcgctggg cgaaacaatg gacaacatca gatccaaatg tccggtgaac 4560 gattccgatt catcaacacc tcccaggaca gtgccctgcc tgtgccgcta cgcaatgaca 4620 gcagaacgga tcgcccgcct taggtcacac caagttaaaa gcatggtggt ttgctcatct 4680 tttcccctcc cgaaatacca tgtagatggg gtgcagaagg taaagtgcga gaaggttctc 4740 ctgttcgacc cgacggtacc ttcagtggtt agtccgcgga agtatgccgc atctacgacg 4800 gaccactcag atcggtcgtt acgagggttt gacttggact ggaccaccga ctcgtcttcc 4860 actgccagcg ataccatgtc gctacccagt ttgcagtcgt gtgacatcga ctcgatctac 4920 gagccaatgg ctcccatagt agtgacggct gacgtacacc ctgaacccgc aggcatcgcg 4980 gacctggcgg cagatgtgca ccctgaaccc gcagaccatg tggacctcga gaacccgatt 5040 cctccaccgc gcccgaagag agctgcatac cttgcctccc gcgcggcgga gcgaccggtg 5100 ccggcgccga gaaagccgac gcctgcccca aggactgcgt ttaggaacaa gctgcctttg 5160 acgttcggcg actttgacga gcacgaggtc gatgcgttgg cctccgggat tactttcgga 5220 gacttcgacg acgtcctgcg actaggccgc gcgggtgcat atattttctc ctcggacact 5280 ggcagcggac atttacaaca aaaatccgtt aggcagcaca atctccagtg cgcacaactg 5340 gatgcggtcc aggaggagaa aatgtacccg ccaaaattgg atactgagag ggagaagctg 5400 ttgctgctga aaatgcagat gcacccatcg gaggctaata agagtcgata ccagtctcgc 5460 aaagtggaga acatgaaagc cacggtggtg gacaggctca catcgggggc cagattgtac 5520 acgggagcgg acgtaggccg cataccaaca tacgcggttc ggtacccccg ccccgtgtac 5580 tcccctaccg tgatcgaaag attctcaagc cccgatgtag caatcgcagc gtgcaacgaa 5640 tacctatcca gaaattaccc aacagtggcg tcgtaccaga taacagatga atacgacgca 5700 tacttggaca tggttgacgg gtcggatagt tgcttggaca gagcgacatt ctgcccggcg 5760 aagctccggt gctacccgaa acatcatgcg taccaccagc cgactgtacg cagtgccgtc 5820 ccgtcaccct ttcagaacac actacagaac gtgctagcgg ccgccaccaa gagaaactgc 5880 aacgtcacgc aaatgcgaga actacccacc atggactcgg cagtgttcaa cgtggagtgc 5940 ttcaagcgct atgcctgctc cggagaatat tgggaagaat atgctaaaca acctatccgg 6000 ataaccactg agaacatcac tacctatgtg accaaattga aaggcccgaa agctgctgcc 6060 ttgttcgcta agacccacaa cttggttccg ctgcaggagg ttcccatgga cagattcacg 6120 gtcgacatga aacgagatgt caaagtcact ccagggacga aacacacaga ggaaagaccc 6180 aaagtccagg taattcaagc agcggagcca ttggcgaccg cttacctgtg cggcatccac 6240 agggaattag taaggagact aaatgctgtg ttacgcccta acgtgcacac attgtttgat 6300 atgtcggccg aagactttga cgcgatcatc gcctctcact tccacccagg agacccggtt 6360 ctagagacgg acattgcatc attcgacaaa agccaggacg actccttggc tcttacaggt 6420 ttaatgatcc tcgaagatct aggggtggat cagtacctgc tggacttgat cgaggcagcc 6480 tttggggaaa tatccagctg tcacctacca actggcacgc gcttcaagtt cggagctatg 6540 atgaaatcgg gcatgtttct gactttgttt attaacactg ttttgaacat caccatagca 6600 agcagggtac tggagcagag actcactgac tccgcctgtg cggccttcat cggcgacgac 6660 aacatcgttc acggagtgat ctccgacaag ctgatggcgg agaggtgcgc gtcgtgggtc 6720 aacatggagg tgaagatcat tgacgctgtc atgggcgaaa aacccccata tttttgtggg 6780 ggattcatag tttttgacag cgtcacacag accgcctgcc gtgtttcaga cccacttaag 6840 cgcctgttca agttgggtaa gccgctaaca gctgaagaca agcaggacga agacaggcga 6900 cgagcactga gtgacgaggt tagcaagtgg ttccggacag gcttgggggc cgaactggag 6960 gtggcactaa catctaggta tgaggtagag ggctgcaaaa gtatcctcat agccatggcc 7020 accttggcga gggacattaa ggcgtttaag aaattgagag gacctgttat acacctctac 7080 ggcggtccta gattggtgcg ttaatacaca gaattctgat tggatcatag cgcactatta 7140 taggatccag atcccgggta attaattgaa ttacatccct acgcaaacgt tttacggccg 7200 ccggtggcgc ccgcgcccgg cggcccgtcc ttggccgttg caggccactc cggtggctcc 7260 cgtcgtcccc gacttccagg cccagcagat gcagcaactc atcagcgccg taaatgcgct 7320 gacaatgaga cagaacgcaa ttgctcctgc taggcctccc aaaccaaaga agaagaagac 7380 aaccaaacca aagccgaaaa cgcagcccaa gaagatcaac ggaaaaacgc agcagcaaaa 7440 gaagaaagac aagcaagccg acaagaagaa gaagaaaccc ggaaaaagag aaagaatgtg 7500 catgaagatt gaaaatgact gtatcttcgt atgcggctag ccacagtaac gtagtgtttc 7560 cagacatgtc gggcaccgca ctatcatggg tgcagaaaat ctcgggtggt ctgggggcct 7620 tcgcaatcgg cgctatcctg gtgctggttg tggtcacttg cattgggctc cgcagataag 7680 ttagggtagg caatggcatt gatatagcaa gaaaattgaa aacagaaaaa gttagggtaa 7740 gcaatggcat ataaccataa ctgtataact tgtaacaaag cgcaacaaga cctgcgcaat 7800 tggccccgtg gtccgcctca cggaaactcg gggcaactca tattgacaca ttaattggca 7860 ataattggaa gcttacataa gcttaattcg acgaataatt ggatttttat tttattttgc 7920 aattggtttt taatatttcc aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 7980 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa ctagcgggtc ggcatggcat ctccacctcc 8040 tcgcggtccg acctgggcat ccgaaggagg acgcacgtcc actcggatgg ctaagggaga 8100 5 30 DNA respiratory syncytial virus 5 tccacctcca agatatccaa gatgagtgtg 30 6 30 DNA respiratory syncytial virus 6 tccacctcca agatatccaa gatgagtgtg 30 7 282 DNA respiratory syncytial virus 7 tcgacatggc ggatgtgtga catacacgac gccaaaagat tttgttccag ctcctgccac 60 ctccgctacg cgagagatta accacccacg atggccgcca aagtgcatgt tgatattgag 120 gctgacagcc cattcatcaa gtctttgcag aaggcatttc cgtcgttcga ggtggagtca 180 ttgcaggtca caccaaatga ccatgcaaat gccagagcat tttcgcacct ggctaccaaa 240 ttgatcgagc aggagactga caaagacaca ctcatcttgg at 282 

What we claim is:
 1. A vector, comprising: a first DNA sequence which is complementary to at least part of an alphavirus RNA genome and having the complement of complete alphavirus RNA genome replication regions to permit in vivo replication; a second DNA sequence encoding a paramyxovirus protein or a protein fragment that elicits the generation of antibodies that specifically react with the paramyxovirus protein, the second DNA sequence being inserted into a region of the first DNA sequence which is non-essential for replication, the first and second DNA sequences being under transcriptional control of a promoter; a third nucleotide sequence located between the first nucleotide sequence and the promoter sequence and comprising a pair of splice sites to prevent aberrant mRNA splicing; and a fourth nucleotide sequence which is a hepatitis delta virus ribozyme sequence at the 3′-end of the first nucleotide sequence to ensure proper in vivo cleavage at the 3′-end of the first nucleotide sequence.
 2. The vector of claim 1 wherein the paramyxovirus protein is selected from the group consisting of a parainfluenza virus (PIV) and a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
 3. The vector of claim 2 wherein the PIV protein is seletected from the group consisting of PIV-1, PIV-2, PIV-3 and PIV-4.
 4. The vector of claim 3 wherein said PIV protein is selected from the group consisting of the HN and F glycoproteins of PIV-3.
 5. The vector of claim 4 wherein the RSV protein is selected from the group consisting of the F or G glycoprotein of RSV.
 6. The vector of claim 1 wherein the second DNA sequence encodes a full length RSV F or RSV G protein.
 7. The vector of claim 1, wherein the second nucleotide sequence encodes a truncated RSV F or RSV G protein lacking the transmembrane anchor and cytoplasmic tail.
 8. The vector of claim 1 wherein the alphavirus is a Semliki Forest virus.
 9. The vector of claim 1 wherein the first DNA sequence is the Semliki Forest viral sequence contained in plasmid pSFVI.
 10. The vector of claim 1 wherein the promoter sequence is an immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter.
 11. The vector of claim 1 wherein said third nucleotide sequence is that of rabbit β-globin intron II.
 12. The vector of claim 1 wherein said promoter sequence is an immediate early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and the human cytomegalovirus Intron A sequence is provided downstream of the promoter and upstream of the third nucleotide sequence.
 13. The vector of claim 1 which is plasmid pMP44 shown in FIG. 2D.
 14. The vector of claim 1 which consists of SEQ ID No:
 1. 15. A method of producing a vaccine for protection of a host against disease caused by infection with respiratory syncial virus (RSV), which comprises: isolating a first DNA sequence encoding an RSV F or G protein, from which the transmembrane anchor and cytoplasmic tail may be absent; operatively linking said first DNA sequence to a second DNA sequence which is complementary to at least part of an alphavirus RNA genome and having the complete alphavirus genome replication regions in a region of said second DNA sequence which is non-essential for replication to form a vector wherein said first and second DNA sequences are under transcriptional control of a promoter; inserting a third DNA sequence into the vector between the first DNA sequence and the second DNA sequence, said third DNA sequence comprising a pair of splice sites to prevent aberrant mRNA splicing: locating a fourth nucleotide sequence which is a hepatitis delta virus ribozyme sequence in the vector at the 3′-end of the first DNA sequence to ensure proper in vivo cleavage at the 3′-end of the first DNA sequence; and formulating the vector as a vaccine for in vivo administration.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein said vector is pMP44 shown in FIG. 2D.
 17. The method of claim 15 wherein said vector consists of SEQ ID no:
 1. 